Immunologyand Biochemistry

Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

The term was coined by Russian biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, who advanced studies on immunology and received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1908. He pinned small thorns into starfish larvae and noticed unusual cells surrounding the thorns. This was the active response of the body trying to maintain its integrity. It was Mechnikov who first observed the phenomenon of phagocytosis, in which the body defends itself against a foreign body. Prior to the designation of immunity, from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt", early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus, bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs, including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissues, can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ, but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. In near future look out for futuristic immunology products in this section!


Biochemistry -AUTOPAK 300/AUTOPAK 300i Clinical Chemistry Analyzer Ergonomic design, fully automated random-access bench top chemistry analyzer. Zoom With an innovative system design and advanced windows-based software, the AUTOPAK 300/300i Analyzer features uninterrupted workflow, enhanced walk away operations and remote access diagnostics, that positions it as one of the market leading system.

Flexibility: A state-of-the-art benchtop system with removable reagent tray, host query LIMS, remote access capability with diagnostics and intuitive, windows-based software.

Productivity: Continuous sample and reagent loading with on board capacity of 95 samples (5 racks x 19 positions) and up to 72 reagent vials.

Technical Specifications:
Electrical requirements: 600 VA
Weight: 115 kg
Dimensions (Width x Depth x Height): 88 cm x 70 cm x 66 cm
Water Consumption (l/h): 2 litres
Computer/SW environment: up to Windows 10
Interferential optical filters: (340-750mm) – 12
Photometric range (linearity): 0.1/3.6
Optical resolution: 0.0001 ABS
Optional direct 4-ISE module
Internal barcode reader for samples, sectors, and reagents
Halogen Tungsten lamp life with sleep mode of 2000 hours
Sample and reagent precision of syringe at full stroke: 0.05% CV

General Characteristics:
Throughput: Up to 300tests/hour reagent module or up to 480tests/hour with the optional ISE module.
Temperature controlled cuvette tray via air bath: 37 degree Celsius Reaction Volume: 180 -650ul.
Sample volume: 2-2000ul
Probes/pipettes: 1
Time to first result: 45 seconds.
Refrigerated reagents: 8±2℃
Refrigerated on-board single reagent vials: 72
Removable and interchangeable reagent tray
Up to three different reagents per test
Continuously monitored loading/access of reagents
Multiple reagent bottles of the same assay/test can be on-board (different lots)
On-screen inventory management with real time tracking of on-board reagent availability
Software available in 9 languages

Sample handling:
Primary, secondary tubes and micro-cups for pediatric samples
Sample Racks/Positions per rack: 5/19
Samples on-board capacity: 95
Continuous loading of sample racks
Real STAT function
Automatic sample dilution
Post-analytical tasks such as re-running and post-dilution can go in next line, for better alignment
Editable complete A4 patient report
Unlimited/searchable patient records
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